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civil enforcement officer
A civil enforcement officer (CEO or colloquially traffic warden) is a person employed to enforce parking, traffic and other restrictions and laws in England & Wales. In England, they are employed by county councils, London Borough Councils, metropolitan district councils or Transport for London, and in Wales by county (borough) councils - or private companies contracted by any of the above. Until the passage of the Traffic Management Act 2004, on-street parking and traffic movement violations were enforced by non-warranted police traffic wardens employed by constabularies. Off-street parking violations were enforced by parking attendants employed by local authorities and private companies.
==Powers==
Civil enforcement officers may only exercise their functions when wearing a uniform authorised by the Secretary of State.〔http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040018_en_8#pt6-pb1-l1g76〕 They may issue Penalty Charge Notices for (numerous offences ), either via a hand-held device or CCTV. They may inspect and confiscate blue badges. They may interview motorists suspected of disabled badge fraud under caution.〔http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040018_en_10#pt7-l1g94〕〔http://www.dft.gov.uk/publications/letter-to-local-authority-leaders/〕 They may immobilise vehicles.〔http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040018_en_8#pt6-pb2-l1g79〕 Penalty charge notices are not criminal proceedings, and failure to pay will result in certificated bailiffs serving warrants of execution.〔http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040018_en_8#pt6-pb2-l1g83〕 They may issue penalties for several moving violations, among them driving in bus lanes, executing prohibited turns and driving the wrong way on a one way system. They may penalize for failure to display valid road tax.〔http://www.patrol-uk.info/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID=2〕 Increasingly civil enforcement officers employed by some authorities issue fixed penalties for non-traffic offences using the Community Protection scheme of the Police Reform Act 2002.〔Community Safety Accreditation Scheme〕 This range of offences include environmental crime such as fly-tipping and spitting, as well as anti-social behaviour like noise violations and truancy, in addition to issuing tickets for parking and traffic violations.〔http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-484404/Parking-wardens-hand-spot-fines-dropping-litter.html〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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